Network Simulator

discrete event  network simulator.

•It runs on Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, Mac OSX and on Windows using Cygwin .

•It is built in C++ and provides a simulation interface through Otcl and by VINT.

Working Flow

•NS – Network Simulator

•NAM- Network AniMator –demonstrate the visual output

•Preprocessing-handwritten Tcl or topology generator

•Post analysis-

•Trace analysis using Perl/TCL/AWK/MATLAB

•Network component objects in the data path are written and compiled using C++

•Otcl creates matching objects ,control function & configurable variable  from C++ output

Steps in Simulation

•Create event Scheduler

•Trace packets in all links

•Create network

•Create transport connection

•Create traffic over transport connection

•Transmit application level data.

iPhone 5 from Apple

As the iPhone 5 is on the verge of being released, and with all the speculations spreading on the Internet. Many fans and current Apple iPhone consumers are wondering what groundbreaking features Apple will add to the new iPhone 5.
Now we summarize all new updated features of iPhone 5 as below:
There are many rumors according both software and hardware of the device,which will definitely entice the smartphone buyers.It will have Apples' fastest A5 processor chip,iCloud system as we discussed in earlier posts,higher resolution camera,4+ inch display.

iOS5

Apple announced iOS 5.0 and its features during the WWDC 2011 keynote address on June 6, 2011. The user interface is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. It is expected to come with more than 200 new features that will include improved Notification System, News Stand and iMessage.

iMessage

iMessage is an application that is developed to compete with Blackberry Messenger. The app will allow iPod Touch, iPhone, and iPad users to communicate (much like a chat service) with each other. The iMessage feature has been integrated into the SMS/MMS application used originally on the iPhone models.

iCloud

The iPhone5 is expected to have the iCloud service.Apple’s iPhone 5 is expected to feature the new iCloud service for wireless remote access of music from all computers and mobile devices.The iPhone5 will automatically sync with the iCloud which will allow users to store photos, apps, calendars and documents without having them to store in the phone’s memory. Apple is also looking to tie up with top music label companies to license songs for the iCloud service.However, rumors state that Apple might release a low-cost “iCloud iPhone” alongside the iPhone 5. It could be named the “iPhone Mini”

A5 Processor

iPhone 5 will house the A5 as the main processor, which technically is the same chip that currently powers the iPad 2. The A5 contains a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU with NEON SIMD accelerator and a dual core PowerVR SGX543MP2 GPU, which means that the iPhone5 can do twice the work at once. The processor speed will be somewhere between 1.2 to 1.5 GHz, with probably a 1GB RAM.The processor upgrade is done not just to increase the processing speed of the phone, but also to compete with the newly launched Samsung Galaxy S II.The A5 chip might effectively increase the power use, however, it is said that the chip has “got a dynamic power management”, which can lower the [speed] depending on the workload, and thus efficiently make use of the power.

Better Camera

 I’m expecting that the iPhone 5 will have a rear-facing 8MP dual-LED flash camera. However, this isn’t really “awesome”, since most of the high-end Android smartphones come with an 8MP camera. Along with that, the iPhone 5 is expected to have a front-facing camera for video chatting.According to sources, Apple has filed several patent applications relating to 3D picture capturing to the US Patent and Trademark Office later in March. This indicates that the iPhone 5 might feature a 3D camera. The filing indicates that the device will be capable of capturing, processing and rendering 3D images with dual-camera hardware.

Other Feature

Face Recognition Security

4G/LTE support *

A new, sleeker body design

OLED screen

Scratch proof and shatter proof screen

Wireless sync with iTunes

Extended battery life

Flash support

SIM-less phone **

Physical keyboard

Increased RAM (from 512MB to 1GB)

New multi-tasking look

HD audio

Built-in GPS

All these feature makes iPhone 5 a must to buy device

Bermuda Triangle---- The mystery solved?

Computer studies of ocean floors around the world, particularly the area known as The Bermuda Triangle, reveal evidence of massive methane explosions in the past. For years, believers in the paranormal, aliens, and other outlandish theories pointed to the the disappearance of ships and aircraft as an indicator of mysterious forces at work in the “Devil’s triangle.” Scientists have finally pointed the rest of us to a more plausible cause.


The presence of methane hydrates indicates enormous eruptions of methane bubbles that would swamp a ship, and projected high  into the air- take out flying airplanes, as well.


Any ships caught within the methane mega-bubble immediately lose all buoyancy and sink to the bottom of the ocean. If the bubbles are big enough and possess a high enough density they can also knock aircraft out of the sky with little or no warning. Aircraft falling victim to these methane bubbles will lose their engines-perhaps igniting the methane surrounding them-and immediately lose their lift as well, ending their flights by diving into the ocean and swiftly plummeting.airplanes, as well


But the mystery still remain as scientist could not be able to find out where did all the wastage of planes and ship go? From very ancient time this are happening but if it is situated in same place may be there is no more room for any other thing under water.Where did all the wastage goes? Is it significant enough that a bubble can destroy big ships and planes.And the redder goes mad in the devils' region?Is any more thing which still have to be answered? 

Giant Dark Matter bridge between galaxy clusters

A giant string of invisible dark matter has been discovered across the universe between a pair of galaxy clusters.

The filament forms a bridge between two huge clusters called Abell 222 and Abell 223, which lie 2.7 billion light-years away. The universe is thought to be filled with suchstrings of dark matter, a mysterious substance that cannot be seen, only sensed through its gravitational pull.

Scientists have made previous attempts to find dark matter filaments, which are predicted by theories that suggest galaxy clusters form at the intersections of filaments. Dark matter is thought to make up 83 percent of all matter in the universe.

"This is the first time [a dark matter filament] has been convincingly detected from its gravitational lensing effect," said astronomer Jörg Dietrich of the University Observatory Munich, in Germany. "It's a resounding confirmation of the standard theory of structure formation of the universe. And it's a confirmation people didn't think was possible at this point."

Many astronomers thought detecting filaments would have to wait until telescopes became significantly more advanced, but Dietrich and his colleagues benefited from the rare spatial geometry of this cluster, which allowed them to detect signs of what's called weak gravitational lensing. [Gallery: Dark Matter Throughout the Universe]

According to Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, massive objects warp space and time around them, causing anything traveling through it, including light, to proceed along a curved path.

When light from a background object, such as a galaxy, passes nearby a massive cluster on its way to Earth, its image will appear bent because of the crooked path its light traveled.

Finding the 'GOD Particle'

The results of what scientists call an extremely important experiment will be announced simultaneously in Geneva and Melbourne - where the international High Energy Physics conference is taking place - from 5pm (AEST).The findings may, or may not, confirm existing theories of the way the universe - and our world - are held together.The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) has been leading the search for the Higgs boson, an elusive sub-atomic particle dubbed by some as the "God particle", which is believed to confer mass.

The Higgs has led scientists on a chase since 1964, when British physicist Peter Higgs helped lay the conceptual foundation for it.If the particle exists, it would vindicate the so-called Standard Model of physics, which identifies the building blocks for matter and the particles that convey fundamental forces.

CERN physicists have said they will not make an announcement until they have proof - from two laboratories working independently at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) - that the risk of a statistical fluke is vanishingly small.In scientific parlance, the goal is "five sigma," meaning that there is just a 0.00006 per cent chance that what the two laboratories found is a mathematical quirk.In a news report, the British science journal Nature said CERN will announce that the two labs saw signals of a new particle with a probability of between 4.5 and 5 sigma.But CERN will stop short of calling it the Higgs until more is known about what the particle does, Nature said."Crucially, they will want to know whether it behaves like a mass-giving Higgs, and more specifically whether it behaves like the Higgs predicted in the Standard Model," the journal said.Last week, CERN boss Rolf Heuer cautioned about the need for verification."It's a bit like spotting a familiar face from far. Sometimes you need closer inspection to find out whether it's really your best friend, or your best friend's twin."

Because the Higgs cannot be seen, its existence - or not - has to be inferred.This is done by smashing protons together in an underground tunnel, providing a tiny but fierce collision that causes sub-atomic debris to fly into detectors built into the 360-degree walls of a car-sized lab.The trick then is to sift through the signals from this smash up and look for a pattern that points to the Higgs.The boson has been so slippery because it is believed to decay almost instantly after it interacts with other particles to endow them with mass.

Learge Hadron Colider

Android Vs. iOS The cloud aspects

Smartphone platforms from Apple and Google reflect the two company's home territories: Apple is firmly rooted in selling the Mac with iTunes as a digital hub for iPods and iPhones, while Google's base is web-centric, focusing on web search and advertising. Here's how iOS and Android compare in terms of desktop and cloud services, including support for Exchange Server in the enterprise, part two in this series. 

Over the last decade, Apple has constructed a rich digital hub centered around iTunes, handling local device backup , organizing, and management of user data (photos, email, calendars, contacts, notes, browser bookmarks), media services (music, audiobooks, TV shows, movies, videos, podcasts, iTunes U content), mobile apps, and the iOS itself.

This is unique among smartphone platforms (including Google's Android), all of which rely upon mobile carriers to deliver "over the air" software updates to their devices, and also rely upon such "cloud services" to provide device and data backup, media streaming and sales, online app and ebook stores, and push messaging services, including email and calendar events.In market it pushed the wifi iTunes in 2008 with Mac cloud service.Apple also opened a device-based cloud version of the iTunes App Store, and most recently has extended iBook support to the iPhone as well. All of these cloud stores maintain sync with content purchased, backed up, and cataloged in the desktop iTunes on the Mac and PC.

Now its time for Android,Google's Android platform is designed to be entirely cloud based; there's no equivalent to an iTunes desktop app from the company, although the third party DoubleTwist serves as a partial alternative, providing desktop access to Google's Android Market, Amazon's media store, and a podcast library. DoubleTwist is also available for a variety of other devices that lack an iTunes of their own, including RIM's BlackBerry, HP's Palm Pre, and Sony's PSP.Google's own Gmail, Calendar, Docs, and other cloud-based services are accessible from Android phones, using either the "with Google" Android apps or via the company's web-based apps from Android phones that don't bundle them. Google plans to open a future competitor to Apple's iTunes Music Store (and Amazon's) for Android that enables cloud-based streaming of media.

The dark side of the cloud

The drawback to Google's cloud-only strategy for Android is that cloud services are notorious for falling offline and for losing users' data. From Microsoft'sDanger, to the Palm Pre and Nokia's Ovi service, to RIM's BlackBerry NOC, everyone who has offered cloud services for smartphones has also lost users' data. That maxim also applies to both Google and Apple, which like everyone else in the industry has inadvertently interrupted services and lost user data related to their cloud operations.Apple currently enjoys a strong lead in offering iTunes as a silver lining for cloud failures. Every iPhone is automatically backed up locally by default, making device replacement and upgrades easy and painless. Because Google and other vendors are focusing on improving and extending their cloud offerings, it looks like Apple will continue to enjoy an increasingly strong position with iTunes as a local sync hub, a factor that will prevent many iTunes users from even considering alternatives to iPhone, regardless of any potential, real advantages offered by Android. At the same time, Apple is pushing ahead its own cloud services in tandem with (and well integrated with) iTunes.

Google nexus 7 new contestant for IPhone

Inside the Google Nexus 7 is a quad-core Tegra 3 processor packing a 12-core GPU and 1GB of on-board RAM. This, combined with some clever under-the-hood streamlining, means a buttery-smooth performance (pun intended, see below).Its operating system is Android Jelly Bean

Google's tablet runs Google's latest operating system:Android 4.1, aka Jelly Bean. It also benefits from the very polished "Project Butter" user interface technology, which is much smoother than previous Androids or Amazon's forked version of the OS, and it's the first Android tablet to ship with Chrome as its default browser.

There's also a big camera improvement, a whole host of browser tweaks and some clever voice recognition upgrades... in short, a lot of worthwhile reasons to check out the first Android Jelly Bean device.

The Nexus 7 is 198.5 x 120 x 10.45mm. It's considerably lighter than an iPad, and lighter even than a Kindle Fire: at just 340g, the Nexus 7 is the weight of a fairly slim book.

The Nexus 7 display is a seven-inch, 1280x800 IPS display, and you can choose between 8GB and 16GB versions.

There's integrated Wi-Fi but no 3G or 4G, a front-facing camera and a 4,325mAh battery that Google says is good for 8 hours of "active use".

There's also no microSD card slot, so you're limited massively if you're one of those that loves HD movies.

The Nexus 7 tablet includes a microphone, Bluetooth, NFC for Android Beam, an accelerometer, magnetometer, GPS and gyroscope, and the built-in Wi-Fi supports 802.11b, g and n.

Smart Dust,the Future Giant .......................

Smart Dust in a Fingure

• It is mainly Micro-Electro Mechanical System.   It combines  sensing, robotics, computing  that can sense light, temperature ,vibration,magnetism or chemicals.

         They are usually networked wirelessly and are distributed over some area to perform tasks, usually sensing.Smart dust was invented in 2001 by Kristopher S. J. Pister, who is an electrical engineering and computer science professor for the University of California

Smart Dust Component

CCR

It comprises three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated polysilicon

The CCR has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source

Using a micro-fabricated CCR, we can achieve data transmission at a bit rate up to 1 kilobit per second, and over a range up to 150 meters, using a 5milliwatt illuminating laser

Operation On Mote (Single unit of smart dust)

Periodically the microcontroller gets a reading from one of the sensors, which measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure, processes the data, and stores it in memory.

It also occasionally turns on the optical receiver to see if anyone is trying to communicate with it

This communication may include new programs or messages from other motes

Microcontroller  will use the corner cube retro reflector or laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another mote.

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